MOD Student Spotlight: Andrew Parlier

What is your background and what are you studying / working on now? 
I’m born in San Fransisco but grew up in Boulder, Colorado, and I think I’ve always been very interested in what happens at the intersection of humans, technology and nature. I wanted to better understand how that interaction between humans and nature works and then build things for humans to do that better.

I did both my undergrad and then my masters in mechanical engineering pursuing the skills to do that at Stanford. After I finished I wanted to work with something making a positive change. Driven by my awareness of climate change and particular skillset I ended up in the energy sector and I worked in startups and tech for a while, mostly related to energy tech and clean tech.

It was fun but eventually I started to get a little burnt out and feeling like I didn’t have the impact I wanted. Thinking about the things I loved in my life and how I could have a more direct impact on climate change research I ended up deciding that oceanography was probably the best way. But I also decided that I was only going to do it if I got to work on instrumentation development. The paucity of data in oceanography is frankly embarrassing. We can do better and I want to be part of doing better.

That is the reason I came down to Scripps, specifically to work with MOD, because it’s one of the few places in the world where you really get to develop new instruments. My current work is with Professor Matthew Alford developing new microstructure sensors that can measure really small scale flows in the ocean (turbulence).

Deploying the epsifish, a turbulence instrument

Testing new sensor packages

What keeps you excited and interested in working in the field of oceanography?
The potential for new data and to measure and see new things that we haven’t before. There is so much theory and there are so many ideas of what’s happening in the ocean, but we so often have to make extrapolations or we can’t observe it well. I believe we can do better and that’s what I want to work on.

When you were a kid, did you expect to be a scientist or engineer? 
Yes, both my parents studied engineering and I was a classic engineering kid, I built a lot of Lego growing up.

Were there any particular things from your childhood that drew you to study the ocean or  make gadgets? 
Perhaps not so much in my childhood, but I did find myself during my undergrad in particular coming back to the ocean a lot, simply being fascinated with all the questions related to it. And you know, if they in Star Trek argue that space is the final frontier, for humanity the ocean is the final frontier. Though we’re working on exploring space, building telescopes and whatnot, there is still so little that we know about our own planet, and we’re also doing quite a poor job of observing it. I guess this kept coming up for me in undergrad, though I didn’t realize it until later, and now I find myself in oceanography.

What skills or abilities do you think are useful when applying to graduate school in oceanography or becoming a member of the engineering development team? 
I’d have to say experience in different things. Basically finding unique combinations of things that you can do that other people can’t. That doesn’t mean that you have to go do things you don’t like, but I believe that most people who are drawn to oceanography are not drawn to it for the exact same reasons. People come to oceanography from a lot of different angles, so lean into your angle. For me it was coming from a mechanical engineering background and having worked in tech, but still having taken the classes to be able to talk about fluids and science and stuff. That background, in combination with my experience from industry and my approach to things, I think is my angle.

Andrew presenting at the 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Ocean Mixing

What does a typical work-day look like for you? 
Great question. There is not necessarily a typical work day for me since instrumentation development require so many different things. On any given day I could be down at the machine shop actually making parts, I could be in the lab tinkering with things, I could be at my desk writing firmware for the microcontrollers that we use, or writing code for looking at our data, there are design reviews and meetings with people to discuss what we’re doing, there’s reading papers, teaching and mentoring (I mentor a few different engineering undergraduates). I also do a lot of legislative work taking meetings with people trying to have an impact.

With all that I would’t say there’s a typical day for me, and though I don’t do everything everyday I do a little bit of most of those things in a typical week. Also, I’m a graduate student, so there’s always writing involved at some point too.

What drew you to Scripps? 
Well, there was basically two places where I felt I could work on what I wanted to do, and out of those two Scripps was a better fit. Plus the weather is not too bad, and my fiancé, now my wife, was living down here at the time so it just made sense.

Is there a particular scientist, engineer or other person that inspires you?
I think I’m less inspired by a particular person and more by the natural world. Especially human interaction with it. You know, every once in a while I look at the skies and there is some set of cool clouds up there that makes you just go “wow”. I don’t need to necessarily understand every little detail of how they work, but I can still look at it and think “this is pretty great”. The awe that the natural world can inspire, that sense of knowing that we can’t understand all of it, we can’t find an answer or unified theory to explain everything, or even if we do it’ll likely be beyond our lifetimes, that’s inspiring to me.


Do you have a fun fact that you'd like to share that not everyone knows about you? 
Let me think… I do have a podcast that everybody should check out. It’s called “Prophiles” and it’s pretty great. Here’s a link.

Written by Kerstin Bergentz

BLT 2022 edition - we're off!

We’re headed to sea again!
This time with the BLT (Boundary Layer Turbulence) project.

We MOD members Matthew, Bethan, Nicole, Arnaud, Helen, Gunnar, Sara, Isabella, Charlotte and Andrea have spent the past few days getting ready to head out on the RRS Discovery. Departing Southampton our group is headed for the Rockall trough to collect data on turbulence in a submarine canyon, aiming to solve the mysteries of bottom boundary layers and mixing and how that drives the upwelling limb of the meridional overturning circulation.

The meridional overturning circulation is the name for the slow pole-pole flow of water in the global ocean. Simplified, surface waters at the north and south poles gets cooled by the chilling temperatures and becomes dense enough to sink to the bottom. It then travels towards the equator as North Atlantic Deep Water (coming from the Arctic) or Antarctic Bottom Water (coming from Antarctica). These cold dense waters must eventually be brought back up to the surface to complete what is known as the Global Overturning Circulation. While we understand the formation processes of deep water fairly well, how it rises back up is still an open question. Since this circulation of the ocean is crucial for its ability to sequester heat and carbon, a better understanding of the processes involved is important for understanding climate change.

The Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). Figure 14.11 from Professor Lynne Talley’s book “Descriptive Physical Oceanography”.

For a long time oceanographers believed that the upwelling that closes the global overturning circulation occurred throughout the ocean interior. However, recent observations and theories suggests that upwelling is actually concentrated along sloping bottom boundaries in the ocean, such as steep continental slopes or walls of a submarine canyon, and that highly localized turbulence within thin (typically tens of metres thick) layers near the seafloor, known collectively as the bottom boundary layer, is what actually drives the upwelling of waters from the abyss.

Now that we are on the third (!) BLT expedition, we are much more experienced (though there are always new problems to run into). We have been setting up in Southampton and getting everything on the ship ready for science at sea, where we will spend several weeks profiling. Our main instruments are the epsifish - a microstructure profiler we built in house - and the fast CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) profiler that can can be winched up and down rapidly for high resolution. 

By Monday last week everyone in our group had arrived: Matthew, Bethan, Nicole, Arnaud, Helen, Gunnar, Sara, Isabella, Charlotte, and Andrea. We are a good mix of experience levels (from student to professor) and disciplines (engineering and science). We received our cabin assignments and went for a walk around Southampton. 

Isabella and Andrea working on the winch

Sara and Charlotte tightening things up

On Tuesday we began mobilizing the equipment. We opened the containers that were shipped here from San Diego and those that were left here after the previous BLT cruise. We started setting up the lab, and the epsifish/FCTD boom was constructed.

Andrea on the winch.

Testing the epsi-fish

By the end of Wednesday the boom had cables attached to it that connected it to power and ran all the way to the lab. We had cameras and lights up too. Back on the science side, there were many debates about where and when to deploy moorings during the next couple of weeks. 

On Thursday the lab was almost finished being set up, the electronics were placed and tidying up had started. The new grad students on the cruise (Charlotte and Andrea) were frantically downloading the software they need while the ship was still on the dock. 

Look at the lab! So neat. This is he “before” picture. (There will be an “after” one too for comparison)

Sunny in Southampton, the Friday shirts were on.

Now it’s Friday and we have strapped down the lab and are ready to sail tomorrow! The lab looks professional, many Matlab scripts have been passed around, and the epsi was put into the water off the boom for the first time.

Wish us luck on the seas!

P.S You can read more on the BLT project here and one of the previous cruises here.

Written by Andrea Rodriguez-Marin Freudmann

SUNRISE 2022 - Over and out!

Greetings landlubbers,
The 2022 SUNRISE cruise is now over and we have made it back to LUMCON in Cocodrie, Louisiana. After a day’s worth of packing and cleaning we are now ready to head home with a ton of great data, cameras full of sunrise and sunset pictures, our bags full of dirty laundry and lots of good memories.

The last week of the cruise started out a bit rocky with plenty of rain and waves. We deployed two Wirewalkers and spent a few days doing transects of various shapes around them gathering a dataset with multiple spatial and temporal scales that we are all very excited about. But it’s also been hard work, between the two ships we’ve done a total of almost 24 900 VMP and CTD profiles, often profiling 24/7.

Profiling with a CTD and a VMP (to the left) from the back deck.

In addition to getting good data we’ve done many other important things such as celebrating Canada Day properly, eating lots of delicious baked goods our eminent chief scientists have made, and taking turns reading the Declaration of Independence out loud on the 4th of July.

One of the many fabulous creations our chief-scientists whipped up in the kitchen.

4th of July reading the Declaration of Independence on the back deck.

Canada day!

The last two days of sampling were dedicated to the students who got to try their hand at being chief scientists. There was a lot of planning happening over slack between the two ships, and some nervousness too. The night crew was handed the reins mid-shift and tasked with finding a good front to sample, which they did brilliantly, and when the day crew took over at 3am there was a nice and sharp front feature to map out. The agreed upon sampling plan involved getting all 4 vessels (2 big ships and 2 small boats) lined up on parallel transects which took quite a bit of coordination.

Chief scientist in training on the Pt Sur bridge.

Profiling come rain or shine.

Students doing a CTD cast aboard the Pelican.

Aboard the Pt Sur and the Pelican we were continuously sampling with our VMPs and CTD, and both the Pelican and the small boats were equipped with very high resolution thermistor chains (a bunch of temperature sensors taped or clamped onto a wire or rope as close as 30 cm apart) to be able to look at the small scale temperature variation in the upper ocean.

One of the small boats and the Pelican in the background.

We kept sampling the same 4 lines for a full inertial period (24h) and managed to capture some interesting variations and changes in both time and space between our 4 boats. In addition we did some larger scale sampling in various patterns and formations to provide more context. The students agreed that it was a great experience and we all learned a lot about everything from leadership to communication, and gained new respect for the intricate process that is collecting good data to do good science.

After the students handed back the responsibility to the actual chief scientists it was time to recover our assets (the two Wirewalkers and the two small boats) and start packing up the lab. After a dramatic last sunset and sunrise, and timing it with the tide, we slowly sailed through the Louisiana wetlands and made port back at LUMCON.

SUNRISE sunrise.

Arrived back in port.

Back at the dock, watching one last sunset, we toasted to what we all agreed was a very successful cruise.

The R/V Pt Sur and R/V Pelican science crews back at the dock after a successful 19 days at sea.

A massive thank you goes out to the phenomenal crews aboard the R/V Pelican and the R/V Pt Sur without whose help we would have had such a good time. Equally, a big thank you to everyone who’s supported the cruise from land and to LUMCON for all their great work.

Over and out from SUNRISE with one last sunrise photo.

Text and photos by Kerstin Bergentz

SUNRISE - sampling away in shifting weather

Ahoy!
The SUNRISE cruise is soon wrapping up its second week and we are keeping ourselves busy with deploying various instruments like autonomous small boats and Wirewalkers, and almost nonstop profiling with microstructure and CTD instruments.

This week in particular we’ve been using OSU’s small remotely controlled RHIBS that are equipped with a bunch of sensors that can measure currents, temperature and salinity. They have been driving around us on the Pt Sur while we’ve been making repeat transect trying to capture the time evolution of a front under the influence of varying wind and while it’s also moving inertially. We bring them back on board every two days or so to download data and refuel them.

Deploying a small boat

One of the autonomous boats at sunrise

We currently also have two Wirewalkers moored in the water and continuously profiling to try to capture any interesting watermass features that wafts by. They’re equipped with ADCPs (acoustic doppler current profilers), CTDs (conductivity or salinity, temperature and depth sensors), and sensors to measure chlorophyll, CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter), turbidity, oxygen and the microstructure using temperature. Together with the sampling we’re doing going around the Wirewalkers with the ships and the small boats, this gives us a very high resolution picture of how the ocean is moving around us.

A happy Wirewalker buoy in the Gulf of Mexico

MOD’s Devon recovering a Wirewalker. We later put this one back out again

We’re seeing a lot of cool things out here. Besides the science, like fronts and filaments and various interesting patterns in shear, chlorophyll, oxygen and dissolved organic matter, we’re often accompanied by everything from dolphins to spinner sharks to flying fish and pelicans. And sunrises and sunsets of course. In addition we’ve had the two ships, the Pelican and the Pt Sur, meet up a couple of times to transport personnel and supplies between the ships using one of the small boats.

Small boat transfer from the Pt Sur to the Pelican

A pelican at sunrise

One of the particularly striking fronts we’ve seen this week.

There’s plenty of oil rigs out here, at night they sparkle like Christmas trees

It is hard work continuously sampling but we’ve also taken the time to have some fun. There is almost always music playing on deck while profiling (best way to stay awake in the wee hours of the morning), and last weekend we celebrated Swedish Midsummer on the Pt Sur. There was a little arts and crafts session making paper flower crowns plus a MacGyvered maypole made with some old PVC pipe, spare tubing and discarded VMP profiling line. In traditional fashion we danced around the maypole singing a song about “the tiny frogs”. (A Swedish midsummer 101 can be found here). Much fun.

Swedish Midsummer celebration aboard the Pt Sur

The last few days have also offered plenty of thunderstorms and rain showers that sometimes come out of nowhere. Being soaked without warning is not always fun, but the magnificent cloud scapes definitely are.

We have about another week of sampling out here before heading back to Louisiana. On the schedule for the next few days we have everything from more transects and a day or two when the students aboard get to be chief scientists, to celebrating both Canada Day and 4th of July. Stay tuned!

Ending this transmission with a silly ocean joke of the day:

- What lies at the bottom of the ocean and twitches?
- A nervous wreck…

Text and photos by Kerstin Bergentz

SUNRISE - Updates from the Gulf of Mexico

Greetings from the Gulf of Mexico!

The crews aboard the Point Sur and the Pelican are sampling away, running all sorts of zig zag patterns and repeat lines in the Gulf of Mexico with various instruments in the water trying to cross fronts and capture small scale variability in the ocean. That means we have some form of sampling happening 24/7 and we work in 12h shifts to always have a group of people in charge of instruments. Big thanks goes to the LUMCON (Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium) based ships and crew for taking good care of us and putting up with our ever changing plans chasing fronts and other cool features.

Deployment of a Wirewalker mooring

Why are we out here?
The SUNRISE, or Submesoscales Under Near-Resonant Inertial Shear Experiment, project is a collaboration between Oregon State University, SIO, Stanford, Texas A&M University, Cambridge, UK, with the goal of looking into mixing and water exchanges as a result of various physical processes in a complex coastal environment in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A better understanding of what drives the mixing of different water masses with different properties (temperature, salt, oxygen, different biological properties) will help protect this region, a dynamic and productive environment, critical for the success of fisheries, tourism, and local economies.

Shrimping vessel in the Gulf of Mexico.

In order to identify various properties of the water and the flows we are using a smorgasbord of sensors that can measure temperature and salinity (CTD) as well as velocities (like an ADCP, Acoustic Current Doppler Profiler) and various biological sensors that can measure things like chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter, oxygen and more. We’re also using a VMP (Vertical Microstructure Profiler) to measure the microstructure flows, aka turbulence, which is a sign of mixing.

MOD’s Devon ready to deploy the VMP

The VMP is deployed using a fishing reel and a block on the ship’s crane. We need a fan and a steady supply of ice to cool down the winch in the heat.

Since the waters are very shallow, typically 30-50m or less, we’re using a rather unconventional approach to sampling the whole water column. We’re literally dropping our instruments all the way down to the bottom and then pulling them back up again. The instruments have crash guards attached to them to protect the sensors (which are all on the bottom facing end of the instrument) from slamming into the seafloor. This way we can get vertical profiles of different variables every 100-200 m with the ship going at about 3 knots.

Why the top of the VMP instrument looks a little like a toilet brush? It’s for making the fall rate optimal and make sure the profiler falls vertically.

Sometimes the crash guards catch seaweed that needs to be removed since it influences the flows (turbulence) around the sensors.

24/7 deck operations means both sunrises and sunsets…

Follow along with more live updates on Instagram @mod_at_scripps.

Sea you later!

Text and photos by Kerstin Bergentz

SUNRISE 2022 edition - We're off!

Ahoy there,
We’re checking in to announce that the SUNRISE 2022 cruise is officially underway!

The SUNRISE 2022 crew that will be split between the RV Pt Sur and RV Pelican.

After a few days of packing and loading things onto the ships down at the LUMCON facilities in Cocodrie, Louisiana, RV Point Sur and RV Pelican have left the dock. We’ll spend the next 2.5 weeks or so chasing fronts and eddies in the Gulf of Mexico using all sorts of fun instruments to capture the microstructure in very high resolution. Onboard we have everything from Wirewalkers, to VMPs (Vertical Microstructure Profilers), and highly equipped zodiacs that can be controlled remotely. Other essentials include sun shades and cold tubs, the Gulf gets very hot and humid in June…

Below are some photos from day one at sea which was spent dolphin watching, instrument testing and getting adjusted to the shift work times. Half of the science party will be in charge 3am-3pm and the other half 3pm-3am and we’ll keep some of the profiling instruments running 24/7. Most of the MOD crew can be found on the Pt Sur.

MOD members Devon and Jonny on the bow supervising the navigation through the Louisiana wetlands out to sea.

RV Pelican as seen from RV Pt Sur

Dolphins joining us on the way out to sea

Oregon State personnel doing small boat ops

Sunsets on SUNRISE on point (Sur).

Stay tuned for more updates from the SUNRISE crew!

Text and photos by Kerstin Bergentz

Gordon Research Conference on Ocean Mixing

This past week several members of the MOD squad headed to South Hadely, Massachusetts for the Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on Ocean Mixing. Held at Mt Holyoke College, the oldest member of the historic Seven Sisters colleges”, a group of elite historically women's colleges in the Northeastern United States with notable alumni such as Emily Dickinson and Frances Perkins, the 170-ish conference participants were treated to lush surroundings and the company of lots of friendly geese.


The weekend kicked off with the Gordon Research Seminar, a two day grad student and post doc only event, where our own Andrew Parlier gave a talk on his work with instruments to measure small scale flows and mixing.

Andrew captivating the GRS audience (and Nicole’s last name is Couto not Cuoto).

Bethan Wynne-Cattanach sharing her work on BLT with everyone at the conference.

Later in the week there were sessions and talks on topics ranging from the role ocean mixing plays in climate dynamics and it’s impacts on biogeochemistry, ice-ocean interactions, internal waves, fronts and boundary layers. There was also plenty of time to discuss posters and socialize.

MOD members and friends out hiking in-between talks.

There were unfortunately more than one MOD member attendance lost to Covid both before and during the conference, but there were plenty of posters still and the incredibly supportive sprit that makes MOD what it is.

Text and photos by Kerstin Bergentz

MOD Student Spotlight: Taylor Mckie

Taylor McKie at sea

Tell us a bit about yourself and what you are studying now —

I am from Little Rock, Arkansas, and I went to Georgia Tech where I studied environmental engineering. I also did research there, with a focus on environmental fluid mechanics and ocean wave energy conversion.

My research covers the link between sub-mesoscale dynamics and climate in salinity-stratified regions, which include the Indian Ocean and polar regions (mainly the Arctic Ocean). I also plan to pursue how these links relate to policy for fisheries or marine protected areas. My work is part of MOD’s MISO-BOB project. In 2019 I went on a research cruise in the Indian Ocean where we made observations of boundary layer dynamics and how they influence air-sea interactions.  I’m currently studying a dense, coastally upwelled filament that is subducting into the interior and how precipitation impacts those processes. 

In the long term I want to work on climate policy and climate adaptation/resilience, especially for communities that are disproportionately impacted by climate change. Many of my activities outside of research are meant to give me exposure to that type of career.  Because of my involvement with different organizations, ; I was recently inducted into the Bouchet Graduate Honor Society. Bouchet was the first African American to graduate with a PhD in the USA and the society upholds the tenets of character, leadership, advocacy, scholarship, and service.  I am honored to have been selected as someone who can carry on that legacy.

What keeps you excited and interested in working in the field of oceanography?

I think my work is fun, exciting, and impactful. Oceanography is deeply tied to climate and the work we do is tied to understanding climate change. For example, with MISO-BOB we want to predict the monsoon, which is a huge water resource for people in the area. In fact, at the same time as we did the research cruise in the Indian Ocean, Chennai [a littoral city in south-east India] actually reached day zero: they completely ran out of water. We need the ability to understand how the climate is changing and how resources are changing with it, and physical oceanography is needed to understand air-sea interactions and the hydrological cycles associated with that.

Oceanography and climate science are powerful, and I’m grateful to be a part of the work. My understanding of the ocean will give me the tools to explain science to the public and to politicians, and my expertise will allow me to direct climate policy.

When you were a kid, did you expect to be a scientist/engineer?

My parents started preparing me for science by teaching me math at a very young age, and my godparents were engineers, so by six or seven years old I knew I wanted to be one too. My parents also thought it was important to study engineering so that I would never have to struggle financially: they pushed me to pursue what I loved and what would give me a better life.

I have always been an environmentalist and I have always cared about the climate. My best friend group in high school was also very connected to nature, and we loved being outside, hiking together, and bike riding along the river. I did a program called Envirothon where my focus was on forestry, so I learned all the tree names and their importance in the ecosystem. AP environmental science then spurred my interest in climate change. After all that I knew what I wanted to do, so I went to Georgia Tech for environmental engineering.

What skills or abilities do you think are useful when applying to graduate school in oceanography?

When applying for grad school in oceanography you should be passionate about the field and have a strong math and science background.  Know why you want to pursue that degree and how you'd like to impact the world with it.

I also think self-advocacy is really important: it’s been a theme throughout my life and it’s what helped me get here. It means being able to ask for what you need. It’s important to be confident in yourself.   You might face doubt and other people’s disbelief, and if you don’t have a strong sense of self-worth in your own abilities and intellect it’s easy to believe what others tell you. Being able to network and talk to people is also very helpful. Making connections broadens the scope of your world and helps you find out where you can go and what you can do, and it helps to build support systems that can carry you.

Passion is helpful for staying motivated and driven, but you also need a project management mindset. You need to have a plan and be able to organize what is done and when, then be able to execute it by knowing the steps you need to take.

What drew you to study at Scripps?

People ask me “how did you get interested in the ocean?” And the short answer is that I wasn’t. The field I was hoping to move into after undergrad was renewable energy, specifically involving ocean waves and energy policy. Then my advisor told me I should apply to Scripps, even though I wasn’t familiar with the field of oceanography. I ended up being accepted into a renewable energy research program at Stanford and oceanography at SIO. After visiting both places, I ended up liking Scripps more: the environment seemed more collaborative and that is something I value, as opposed to the more competitive nature of some research programs. Also, the AOS (Applied Ocean Science) program was very flexible, and I was drawn to the possibility of a master’s in mechanical engineering along with a PhD in oceanography. Another benefit was the connection to climate change research, and UCSD as a whole, since I want to be involved in policy too. So, I decided to go to the nice school on the beach!

 

Everyone in MOD sends their extreme congratulations to Taylor being inducted into the prestigious Bouchet Graduate Honor Society in 2022! See here for more: https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/graduate-students-honored-for-inclusive-mentorship.

UCSD Grad Slam 2022

MOD is excited to announce that on April 7, Andrew Parlier took 2nd in UCSD’s Grad Slam competition! Grad Slam is a University of California-wide competition where graduate students are challenged to explain their research to a public audience in 3 minutes with 3 slides. Andrew competed against eight other finalists from departments across UCSD judged by a diverse panel of experts in fields as diverse as Astrophysics and English. Good luck to the winner, Meghana Pagadala, as she represents UCSD at the UC finals in San Francisco in May! Check out the video below to see a recording of Andrew’s talk at timestamp 48:15 ( and watch the entire video to see all of the other excellent graduate student finalists). To learn more about this work and other awesome development happening in the group, visit MOD’s technology page and check out relevant blog posts.